Д«eing a lower-middle-income country with a high burden of cervical cancer, Pakistan lacks an effective nationwide HPV screening and vaccination program. The introduction of HPV vaccination aims to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer. In 20, two HPV vaccines, GardasilВ® (Merck & Co., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA) and CervarixВ® (GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) were approved in the United States of America and Europe, respectively, and have since been licensed in more than 100 countries worldwide including Pakistan. The HPV vaccine has been recommended by WHO as the prime approach for the prevention of cervical cancer, and should ideally be administered prior to first sexual contact. Today, more than 60 million females aged 15 or above are at risk of cervical cancer, with a crude incidence rate of 5.97 per 100,000.

About 84.3% of all cervical cancers were reported from developing countries alone out of cervical cancer patients in Pakistan, 88.3% of women had HPV type 16 or 18 or both. On the other hand, high-riskВ types such as HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for about 75-80 percent of cervical cancers worldwide. Low-risk types such as HPV 6 andВ 11 cause lesions in the genitalia but are not deemed carcinogenic. This virus can be sorted into two subtypes, high-risk and low-risk. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common infection of the reproductive tract. Concentrated efforts involving the healthcare system should be made to raise awareness regarding HPV and its vaccine thereby reducing barriers to HPV prevention The vaccination rate is low in Karachi, Pakistan. Nearly half of the responders perceived the vaccine to be time-consuming (n=167, 41.8%) and overpriced (n=187, 46.8%). A statistically significant difference was found only between those currently enrolled in universities and previously vaccinated for HPV (p=.047). Of these 18, nearly two-thirds (n=11, 61.1%) had gotten vaccinated upon the recommendation of their doctor. Out of the 18 people who were vaccinated, eightВ belonged to the aforementioned category. The majority of the participants belonged to the monthly household income range of 200,000 rupees and above, which was labeled as the high-income category (n=158, 39.5%). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20.0.

The questionnaire assessed the knowledge regarding HPV and also evaluated the attitude and acceptability amongst these individuals towards the vaccine. A convenience sampling technique was implemented using a self-administered questionnaire, which was filled by individuals aged 18-26. In this study, we aimed to assess the knowledge of HPV vaccination in Pakistan and to determine the barriers against it.ДЄ cross-sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan, between April and May 2019. Pakistan lacks an effective nationwide HPV vaccination program, thereby making HPV a major threat. The introduction of HPV vaccines by WHO aims to reduce the incidence of cervical cancer.

The people vs muhammad file:pdf